Effect of copper contamination at the cathode in Cu-Cl electrolyzers for hydrogen production
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this work the effects of copper contamination on the coulombic and voltage efficiency of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) via the Cu-Cl thermochemical cycle are investigated. A novel proton pump configuration was employed, which allowed for the copper concentration at the cathode to be controlled. A variety of electrochemical tests were performed to evaluate the effect of copper on the system. The purpose of this research project was to determine the threshold for copper contamination at the cathode in these Cu-Cl/HCl electrolyzers. Results of electrochemical test show that there is a significant increase in overpotential and a negative impact on HER kinetics with increasing copper concentration in both a chloride rich and chloride-free environment. In both media the Coulombic efficiency remains constant regardless of the concentration of copper in the catholyte. Results suggest that when the concentration of copper is greater than 5 ppm, the effects of copper contamination becomes significant.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".