Holocene record of glacier fluctuations on Mt. Baker, Washington USA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We summarize our ongoing research to reconstruct the Holocene record of glacier fluctuations on Mt. Baker. We investigated ridges on the south flank of the mountain reported by others to represent terminal and lateral moraines that were constructed after 8850 14C yr BP, and we also studied the lateral moraines of Easton, Deming, and Coleman glaciers. Our results contradict the claim of extensive early Holocene advances on the south flank of the volcano since a tephra with an age of 8850 14C yr BP overlies these ridges. Neoglacial advances began as early as 5300 14C yr BP when Easton Glacier overran a forest. Additional radiocarbon ages obtained from detrital wood and stumps in growth position in the lateral moraines of Easton, Deming, and Coleman glaciers imply that these glaciers also advanced at ca. 1750-1600, 940, and 400 14C yr BP. Our evidence of glacier activity on Mt. Baker broadly accords with the record of Holocene glacier fluctuations in the Canadian Cordillera: Glaciers expanded from minimal extents during the early Holocene and achieved their maximum downvalley positions during the climactic advances of the Little Ice Age.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".