"Humanitarian Intervention: The Case of the Kurds"
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Iagreement and left critical disputes over oil revenues and the boundaries of the autonomous region unresolved.The Act provided for a regional administrativc autonomous regime possessing only those powers specifically delegated by the State, with a subsidiary legal and financial system within the framework of the legal, political and econ- omic unity of the Republic of Iraq.It also provided for recognition of both Kurdish and Arabic as rcgiorwl olficial languages.6Barzani turned to Israel for support, Soviet support having previously been withdrawn, and a new rebellion began.The revolt was put down in 1975 at a cost of 50,000 killed and 600,000 displaced.Guerilla war resumed in 1979.In 1988, following the end of Iran-Iraq war, thousands of Kurds were killed, poison gas against the Hallabja population allegedly kitled 5,000, and 100,000 Kurds were relocated to 'strategic hamlets'.Iraq as'a plot against lraq's rcvereignty'.Thc lcgal ba.ris for thc proposal was'the protcction of a population fiom pcrrccution' in the wondr ofJohn Major, Primc Minicter of Britain, undcr the UN 1948 Convention on tlrc Prcvcntion and Punishmcnt of thc Crime of Genocide.Aniclc 8 allowa 'compctcnt organr of thc Unitcd Nations to tale ruch action under thc Chartcr of the Unitcd Nations as they consider appropriate for thc prwention and supprcerion of actr of gcnocidc.'lt matcr na provision for a multilatcral initiative.Thc baqi Forcign Ministcr, Ahmcd Husscin Khudaycr, in a letter to Secrrtery Gcnsral of thc Unitcd Nations, Javicr Pcrez dc Cuellar, denouncc{ thc allicd camp! iu '& rcrious, unjurtifiable and unfounded attacl on thc rovcreignty and territorial integrity of kaq.' (Ncu Yotk Tittlrt,2+ Apr.1991, A6) rr Minority righrs arc not thc s:rmc ar autonomy.Minority righu indudc thc right to citizcn- ship in thc dominant Statc, thc right to cqual treatment by that State and undcr the law, thcright to thc cnuenchmcnt of those minoriry rights in Statc law, thc right to rctain aad nohtah the minority language and thc right to maintain onc's own schools supponcd by the Statc to thc sarne dcgrec as thc majority population, though govcrncd by requirements about a corc curriculum and comrnon standards, Autonomy includes the qcrcisc of administrative rclf-govern- ancc on thc political level of municipal funaions, or prcvindal status which 6ivcs thc minoriry limitcd politicat sovercignty in cuch are"" as cducation, hcoltlr, wclfarc, limitcd taxation powcn, economic dcvelopmcnt powcn, ctc., but ccnainly cxcludcc forcign atrairs and dcfencc.Justicc Jules Dcsch€ner defined a minority entidcd to minority rights ar followr: 'A group of citizrns of a Statc, constituting a numerical minority aad in a nondominant pocition in that State, endowcd with cthnic, rcligiour or linguietic charactcrirtics which dillcr from thocc of the majority of thc population, having a 3€ruc of solidarity with onc anothcr, motivatcd, if only implicidy, by a collcctivc will to survivc and whosc aim ir to achicvc cquality with thc majority in fact and in law.' (Julcs Dcschena, Prcptal Conuntdg a Dt@bn oJ tlu um 'Mitbnt\ UN doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/1985/31& Corr.I (1985), p. 30 as quoted in Hunt Hannum, Autowntl, Sovnigay, aed Hf-Detnieatim: Tlu Acanntodatin of Corfu*E fr?,frr.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.041 | 0.026 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.012 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.018 |
| Research integrity | 0.016 | 0.019 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.020 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".