Ideals and realities of death and dying in the twelfth century
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The twelfth century developed a particular conception of what an ideal death was that came to serve as the standard against which different types of deaths were measured. For the benefit of both monastic and lay communities monks and other writers stressed the importance of achieving a good death. Images and attitudes toward death are to be found in various sources, including monastic customaries and constitutions, paintings, lay instructional texts, and histories and chronicles. The idealization of death and the way it was accepted and developed, and how it corresponded to actual deaths, suggest that the expectations of a good death varied among different groups in twelfth-century Christian society. There remained throughout, however, the hope of personal salvation for all who led good, Christian lives, and who faced death constant in their faith in God and in keeping with the expectations of how one was supposed to die.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.016 | 0.032 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.011 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".