L'enjeu de la taxation et le débat démocratique dans la Province du Canada, 1841-1856
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Au milieu du XIXe siècle, la Province du Canada obtient progressivement une plus grande autonomie financière que ce soit en raison des revendications des responsables coloniaux ou par des changements dans la politique impériale. Ces changements arrivent au moment où s’instaure un nouveau mode de gouvernance politique, ce qui entraîne de nombreux débats sur la position que l’État doit occuper. La place de la taxation est centrale dans ces préoccupations puisqu’elle révèle des enjeux à dimension démocratique et de gouvernance. Ce mémoire propose d’explorer sous l’angle de la rationalisation de la pensée étatique, en analysant les débats parlementaires de la Province du Canada entre 1841 et 1856. La rationalisation permet la création de catégories et la normalisation du droit, ce qui entraîne l’universalisation des mesures fiscales. Elle s’observe à travers la mise en place d’une logique de l’utilisateur-payeur pour les services publics et un déclin des critères moraux pour justifier la taxation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".