Mapping the retreat of the Asulkan Glacier in Glacier National Park, British Columbia, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Asulkan Glacier in Glacier National Park, British Columbia, has been subject to scientific investigation since the late 1800's. Our field investigations in September 2007 were intended to build upon this foundation and to map the icefront behaviour of the glacier by employing a variety of research techniques. Like most glaciers in the western Canadian Cordillera, the Asulkan Glacier has retreated up-valley over the historical period. An analysis of historical oblique photographs dating to 1905 and sequential vertical aerial photographs/images dating to the present indicate that the glacier has been retreating at rates averaging between 2.7 and 44 m/yr. To document periods of glacial expansion in the pre-historical period lichenometric, dendrochronologic and stratigraphic surveys of the lateral and terminal moraine complexes were completed. Lichenometric evidence shows that the subdued outermost moraine was deposited in the 18th Century. Lichen and tree-ring evidence indicate that the prominent lateral-terminal moraine complex was deposited in the 1850s. Dendrochronologic surveys of recently deglaciated terrain in front of the Asulkan Glacier and within the surrounding mountainside forest indicate that the historical behaviour of the ice front is closely correlated to regional precipitation variability and enhanced summer air temperatures during the historical period. Our surve y of the Asulkan Glacier suggests that, if the glacier continues to retreat and down waste at its pre sent rate, by approximately 2080 the glacier will have completely vanished.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".