Policing Drunkenness in Victorian Cumbria
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Drunkenness assumed increasing importance as a ‘problem’ in the discourses of the nineteenth century. This is a bottom-up study to examine the extent to which the policing of drunkenness was informed by local cultures, rather than directed by policies imposed from above. Drink related offences formed the largest category of charges coming before the courts, and constituted a significant part of the offending dealt with by police. This paper examines how the police in Cumbria managed drunkenness from 1874 to 1900. It uses the primary sources of the police and the courts, looking particularly at Kirkby Stephen and Kirkby Lonsdale, to show how local cultures shaped the praxis of policing. After 1860, temperance was the norm for Methodists and non-conformists, who increasingly defined pub culture as incompatible with respectability. It has been possible to assess the impact of temperance and Methodism upon the policing of drunkenness by comparing the data on arrests and summonses. The analysis of this data shows that differences of rates of arrest in the these locations are best explained by the influence of local cultures upon policing, rather than different patterns of drinking or policies imposed from above.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.013 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".