Porosity and permeability enhancement in unconfined carbonate aquifers as a result of dissolution.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Solution processes in carbonate aquifers that are unconfined produce networks of channels. To characterize the enhancement of porosity and permeability by dissolution, we examine four examples that are highly contrasted in their lithologic characteristics and topographic settings:- a Paleozoic dolostone near Niagara Falls, Ontario; the Mill Hole basin in Paleozoic limestone in Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky; the Mesozoic chalk escarpments of southern England, and late Tertiary-Quaternary limestones of the Caribbean coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. In all four cases it is found that the channels add little to the bulk porosity but that they enhance the permeability of the fractured rock by one to three orders of magnitude. Similar porosity and permeability changes are predicted for all unconfined carbonate aquifers, limestone or dolostone, in both autogenic and allogenic settings, and in carbonate rocks of all ages.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".