Relationship of Grain Anthocyanins with Winter Hardiness in Rye (Secale cereale L.)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Many Canadian varieties of autumn seeded rye (Secale cereale L.) demonstrate very high winter hardiness and have much higher winter field survival (WFS) scores than other cereal crops such as wheat and barley. This high frost tolerance for rye was in a previous study found to be associated with the production of glycosylated cyanidins in crown and leaf tissue during cold acclimation in the autumn. Anthocyanins and other flavonoid compounds are also present in the dark rye grain; thus, the possibility that WFS levels could be predicted from specific grain extractable compounds was investigated in this study. To produce grain for the analysis, 96 rye cultons with determined WFS scores were grown in a greenhouse environment (2020-2021) and under field conditions (2021-2022). The greenhouse population developed overall taller plants with longer spikes and awns as compared to the field plants. However, only the spike length of greenhouse plants showed a strong positive association with WFS (p<0.001; R2 = 0.386), whereas the seed protein concentrations was negatively associated (p<0.001; R2 = -0.206). For field plants, the germination frequency, plant height, and traits contributing to larger seeds (seed length, width, weight) were positively associated with WFS (p<0.001; R2 = 0.255 to 0.615), and similar to greenhouse grain, the seed protein concentration was negatively correlated (p<0.001; R2 = -0.309). These associations supported cultons developing large seeds with low protein concentration should be selected for WFS studies as these lines are more likely to produce a high germination frequency and have a high WFS. Determination of anthocyanin concentration in greenhouse grain revealed a wide distribution (0.9 to 10.7 µg mL-1) and a mean value of 3.1±1.6 µg, mL-1. A similar mean was seen for field grain (3.01 ± 1.0 µg mL-1) having concentrations ranging from 0.72 to 5.8 µg mL-1. Analysis of the grain extracts by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and QTOF-MS analysis revealed nine identifiable anthocyanin compounds, which was fewer than the 18 identified for leaf and crown tissues. However, it was not possible to draw any firm conclusions regarding the association of grain anthocyanin concentration or specific anthocyanins with WFS scores. A large number of minor anthocyanins like compounds in the grains remained uncharacterized and a more detailed study on these is needed to definitely determine if any relationship exists between grain constituents and WFS scores. These studies can also add to the health benefits flavonoid compounds provide to rye products.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".