Straining the law: the creation of a British model of political policing, 1881-1914
Bibliographic record
Abstract
La police est un service public et magistral qui, outre ses fonctions particulières, doit s'efforcer par des mesures irrégulières, mais justes et utiles, d'augmenter la force et les ressources du gouvernement.La publicité des procédés d'un tel pouvoir en arrête naturellement l'efficacité; on l'emploie beaucoup dans les grands objets; les autres sont perdus dans la foule, et y'échappent.Dans l'ordre social, tout n'est pas extérieur, tout n'est pas visible.Au milieu de ce monde public, il y a un secret; le pouvoir ordinaire du gouvernement n'y pénètre point. Joseph Fouché, Lettre au duc de Wellington (1817)The Special Branch collects information on those who I think cause problems for the State.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.013 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".