Sources of inter-individual variability in sympathetic transduction: influences of sex, menstrual cycle phase, and limb-specificity.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It is well established that the relationship between muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and blood pressure (BP), termed sympathetic transduction differs between young healthy males and females.More specifically, although on average females demonstrate blunted sympathetic transduction compared to males, emerging research has identified a substantial amount of interindividual variability in sympathetic transduction within young females.However, the mechanisms contributing to this variability are yet to be elucidated.Therefore, to address these gaps in the literature, the purpose of this dissertation was to investigate the fundamental properties that contribute to inter-individual variability in sympathetic transduction.Study 1 investigated MSNA reactivity during the cold pressor test (CPT) and corresponding changes in vascular resistance and BP in young males and females.To our surprise these findings demonstrated that despite robust increases in MSNA during the CPT, females responded with a wide array of vascular responses ranging from vasodilation and corresponding increases in peripheral blood flow to vasoconstriction and corresponding decreases in peripheral blood flow.However, these varying vascular responses were not observed in males.Building on these findings, Study 2 and Study 3 were designed to assess potential factors contributing to this female-specific inter-individual variability in sympathetic transduction.Study 2 assessed sympathetic action potential (AP) recruitment patterns and downstream changes in BP across different phases of the menstrual cycle during sympatho-excitation to evaluate the role of reproductive hormones on MSNA regulation.We observed that an enhanced progesterone (P4) dominance over estrogen (E2) blunts the recruitment of new larger sympathetic APs in females and that these recruitment patterns are also different from males.As such, these data indicate that both sex and the menstrual cycle impact sympathetic AP recruitment patterns in a manner which may be mediated, at least in part, by reproductive hormones.Study 3 aimed to investigate the
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".