Suburban Shopping Centres as Transit- Oriented Development: Policy Perspectives from Canadian Cities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Shopping centres in suburban districts are facing transformational changes in the retail landscape just as municipal governments are facing increasing pressure to add housing supply. The pursuit of high-density residential developments alongside high-frequency transit services – transit-oriented development, or TOD – at and around these suburban shopping centre sites represents a promising opportunity to diversify income streams for landowners while adding housing supply for municipal governments. Substantial research has been undertaken to identify necessary success factors for TOD, and interest in transit-oriented shopping centre redevelopment has been rising in Canada. Through six detailed case studies, this project aims to explore the state of this effort in Canadian CMAs to provide lessons for municipalities and shopping centre owners interested in this intervention. Results indicate that differences in outcomes for each shopping centre and its environs are due largely to the unique local political and financial contexts of each case, raising questions about the necessity for intervention by higher levels of government.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.014 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.012 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.014 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.016 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".