Surface features of the cold/temperate transition zone at White Glacier terminus, Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The historical records of White Glacier (WG), a polythermal valley glacier found in northern Nunavut, Canada, are used alongside modern structural models and orthomosaics produced from Structure from Motion photogrammetry to assess change in the terminus region. Recognizing the surface expression of terminus change contributes to the understanding of ice dynamics and improves the potential for regional glacier assessment by providing target features to be interpreted through remote sensing methods. Elevation models from 1960, 2011, 2018 and 2019 of various origins were homogenized. The geodetic mass balance of the terminus region was measured from co-registered digital elevation models (DEMs) and found to have contributed 21 \% of the total volume loss of WG between 1960 – 2014, while only consisting of 7 \% of the total glacier surface area, consistent with past findings. Surface structures at WG terminus were assessed using nadir imagery captured between 1960 – 2019. Signs of decreasing ice dynamics were observed, indicative of a stagnating terminus experiencing retreat conditions. Compressive strain is thought to reactivate crevasse traces as they transit the terminus icefall, leading to the formation of novel arcuate band features through recrystallization. Surveys of reflective prisms and optical feature tracking results between 2018 – 2019 were used to measure modern ice velocity and strain rate components, while DEMs and interpolated mass balance measurements were used to calculate ice emergence velocity between 1960 – 2018. Early emergence indicates that ice uplift occurred in the terminus lobe from compressive strain increasing with distance down-glacier. Annual strain indicates that modern ice flow is less obstructed above the terminus icefall, and enters a zone of moderate compressional deformation in the terminus lobe below, while the magnitude of emergence has decreased. This difference, paired with a reduced temperate ice extent measured in comparison to the 1970s, is possibly due to limited basal motion permitted through efficient sub-glacial hydrologic channels. The persistence of the temperate ice region is thought to have become increasingly dependent on the influx meltwater to the glacier bed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".