Testing of extended shear tab and coped beam-to-girder connections subject to shear loading
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Beam-to-girder steel connections are commonly constructed using either extended shear tabs or coped beams.The American Institute of Steel Construction has outlined a design procedure for coped beams, and as of 2011 also included guidelines for the design of extended shear tabs.On the other hand, Canadian standards do not provide professional engineers with guidelines for the design of coped beams and only address conventional shear tab connections.Therefore, a total of thirteen full-scale tests were performed in order to provide structural engineers with relevant experimental results from which to predict the behaviour of extended shear tabs of different depths and coped beams with varying reinforcements, cope details, and connectors subject to shear loading.Four of the tests were used to investigate two specific limit states: buckling of extended full depth shear tabs and localized deformations in the supporting girder web of partial depth extended shear tabs.It was found that by reducing the slenderness of the shear tab plate, out-ofplane deformations in the plate were reduced but not avoided.In order to more accurately represent the restraints in a building, a pseudo-concrete slab was installed to prevent girder rotation; however, this did not prevent girder web deformation.As a result, a retrofit steel plate was welded, connecting the shear tab and the girder web in order to engage a larger area of the supporting member.Even though the local girder web punching was decreased with this retrofit, the web deformation was not eliminated.In order to gain a better understanding of the behaviour of coped beams, nine full-scale tests were conducted.These specimens were divided into four categories: bolted single coped (coped compression flange), bolted double coped (coped compression and tension flanges), single and double coped welded in-shop, and single coped haunched beams.The bolted configurations were connected to the supporting girder with the use of a stiffener plate welded to the girder flanges and web.Two reinforcement schemes were also investigated; horizontal stiffeners and doubler plates were considered to assess their effectiveness in improving the strength of coped beams.The interaction between shear and flexural forces based on the Von Mises criterion, which is not part of any current design standard, consistently governed the design and could be used to accurately predict the behaviour of coped beam configurations, and as such, is proposed for inclusion in a standard design procedure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".