Translation, Evaluation and Validation of the Adult Strabismus −20 (AS-20) Questionnaire in Swedish
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lena Havstam Johansson,1,2 Anna Levinsson,3,4 Sara M Flodin1,2 1Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 2Department of Ophthalmology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Mölndal, Sweden; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; 4Department of Social Medicine and Public Health, Sahlgrenska Academy, GothenburgUniversity, Gothenburg, SwedenCorrespondence: Sara M Flodin, Department of Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SE-431 80, Sweden, Tel +46 721-470080, Email sara.flodin@gu.sePurpose: To translate and validate the Adult Strabismus 20 (AS-20) questionnaire, a health-related quality of life questionnaire specifically devised for patients with strabismus.Methods: The AS-20 was translated in accordance with the principles of good practice for the translation and cultural adaptation process for patient-related outcomes (PRO) according to the methodology recommended by the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcome Research (ISPOR). The translation, evaluation, and validation were performed in several steps. The study used both qualitative and quantitative methods and engaged 31 final-year orthoptic students in workshops, as well as 19 experts (experienced clinical orthoptists), 17 laymen (members of the public), and 17 patients from national eye clinics. The final translated questionnaire was tested for reliability and validity in 68 adults with strabismus by internal consistency using Cronbach´s alpha and content and construct validity using the Rasch analysis.Results: The Swedish AS-20 showed a high level of internal consistency. Cronbach´s alpha was 0.95 for the psychosocial subscale and 0.92 for the functional subscale. However, the Rasch analysis indicated that both items and responses should be condensed to achieve content and construct validity.Conclusion: The thorough translation and evaluation process resulted in a validated AS-20 questionnaire for use in the Swedish language, and shows reliability as an instrument to measure health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in adults with strabismus in a clinical setting.Keywords: health related quality of life, patient reported outcome measures, AS-20, strabismus
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.027 | 0.043 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".