Upregulated Th2/treg brain gene expression in pups of nematode-infected mice associated with enhanced expression of leukocyte trans-endothelial cell migration across the blood brain barrier
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A maternal murine infection with an intestinal nematode parasite that induces a Th2/Treg response during pregnancy and lactation was previously reported to alter expression of over 5500 genes in the brain of their 7-day old male pups.To explore evidence that immunerelated elements of the pup brain and transport of immune signals across the blood-brain barrier were altered, we mined the gene expression database for genes in relevant KEGG pathways regardless of whether or not the pathway itself was differentially regulated by maternal infection.Although the Th1/Th2 cell differentiation KEGG pathway was not differentially expressed in response to maternal infection, brain gene expression of the Th2 response cascade and its product, IL-4 was upregulated.Consistent with this, expression of several Th1 cytokines including IL-1β, as well as receptors and their related proteins were downregulated.Evidence of upregulation of the Treg response included upregulation of TGFβ family genes.The endocytosis pathway that transmits receptor-mediated cytokine and immunoglobulin signals to the pup brain was upregulated in neonates of nematode-infected dams, but genes associated with endosome formation component were downregulated suggesting impaired vesicle-mediated transport into the pup brain.The leukocyte transendothelial migration KEGG pathway was also upregulated, as was expression of integrin genes which mediate leukocyte attachment and paracellular diapedesis.This indicated that maternal infection may promote movement of leukocytes across the neonatal blood-brain barrier.Thus, we hypothesize that maternal infection may promote a Th2/Treg environment in the pup brain through migration of Th2/Treg cells across the blood brain barrier.Our study is the first to report the impact of a maternal H. bakeri infection on expression of immune related genes in the pup brain.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".