Bibliographic record
Abstract
It is more than 30 years since the floating exchange regime of major currencies started in 1973. The yen appreciated from the pre-float fixed exchange rate of 360 yen per US dollar to a historical high of 80 yen, which was recorded in 1995. From the second half of 2003 to the first quarter of 2004, we witnessed another upsurge of the yen against the dollar. The reason behind the long term upward trend of the yen is a familiar set of circumstances characterized by bloated US deficits on its current account balance of payments and related protectionist pressure on the yen. Meanwhile, the Japanese government tried to contain adverse effects of yen's acute appreciation by so-called unsterilized foreign exchange intervention. In the short run, a widening real interest rate differential between the US and Japan will be necessary for the dollar to stop depreciating, which will accompany tightening of the FED monetary policy. In the long run, however, emergence of both the euro as a single European currency and China as a new engine of the world economy will make the exchange rate determination more complex than heretofore.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.027 | 0.007 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".