Airfoil sampling of a pulsed Laval beam with tunable vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) synchrotron ionization quadrupole mass spectrometry: Application to low--temperature kinetics and product\ndetection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A new pulsed Laval nozzle apparatus with vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) synchrotron\nphotoionization quadrupole mass spectrometry is constructed to study low-temperature radicalneutral\nchemical reactions of importance for modeling the atmosphere of Titan and the outer\nplanets. A design for the sampling geometry of a pulsed Laval nozzle expansion has been\ndeveloped that operates successfully for the determination of rate coefficients by time-resolved\nmass spectrometry. The new concept employs airfoil sampling of the collimated expansion with\nexcellent sampling throughput. Time-resolved profiles of the high Mach number gas flow\nobtained by photoionization signals show that perturbation of the collimated expansion by the\nairfoil is negligible. The reaction of C2H with C2H2 is studied at 70 K as a proof-of-principle\nresult for both low-temperature rate coefficient measurements and product identification based\non the photoionization spectrum of the reaction product versus VUV photon energy. This\napproach can be used to provide new insights into reaction mechanisms occurring at kinetic rates\nclose to the collision-determined limit.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".