Associations between dietary and circulating phytosterols and cardiovascular disease risk biomarkers in a Manitoba adult cohort
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death worldwide. Elevated serum lipid levels and increased arterial stiffness are some of the risk factors responsible for the development of CVD. Phytosterols are well known for their cholesterol-lowering ability. Besides cholesterol-lowering, whether dietary phytosterols are beneficial for vascular function is not completely known yet. This thesis aimed to investigate the association between dietary and circulating phytosterols with serum lipid levels and arterial stiffness biomarkers, including blood pressure (BP), augmentation index (AIx), and pulse wave velocity (PWV). The secondary objective was to investigate the relationship of the Mediterranean-style dietary pattern scoring (MSDPS) with dietary phytosterols and its impact on CVD risk biomarkers. This cohort study on Manitoban adults included 157 men and 120 women, aged 30-46 years old. This study measured dietary and circulating phytosterols using 24-hour dietary recall and gas chromatography, respectively, and the MSDPS was used to evaluate the dietary pattern using the diet history questionnaire. Data were statistically analyzed using analysis of covariance, multiple linear regression and correlation. After adjustment for age, body mass index (BMI), total energy intake, fats as a percentage of energy intake, and dietary fiber, this study found that participants with high phytosterol intake (392.7±108.8 mg/d) in the highest quartile had 0.52 mmol/L (-10.2%) lower serum total cholesterol (TC) (P<0.05) and 0.47 mmol/L (-14.4%) lower (P<0.05) serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) than did the participants in the lowest quartile (97.7±36.5 mg/d). Phytosterol intake in the highest quartile showed a significant reduction in systolic BP (-5.3%, P<0.01), diastolic BP (-4.5%, P<0.01), and PWV (-3.4%, P<0.05) than those in the lowest quartile. The increased sitosterol-to-cholesterol ratio correlated with reduced serum TC, LDL-C, triglyceride, and diastolic BP, PWV (all P<0.001) and systolic BP (P<0.01) and increased high-density lipoprotein (P<0.01). A lower lathosterol-to-cholesterol ratio was correlated with decreased PWV (P<0.0001). No significant associations were found between MSDPS and the dietary phytosterols. The study results concluded that dietary phytosterol intake is associated with cholesterol-lowering and reduced arterial stiffness. Therefore, the present study suggests that increased intake of dietary phytosterols could help to reduce the risk of CVD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".