Codifying the Status Quo: Chapter 18 Admits Retired Officers' Hearsay Testimony at Preliminary Hearings
Bibliographic record
Abstract
While most families gathered for Thanksgiving in 1994, Downey City police officers searched for Luz Maria Nucino and her two daughters, Gabriela and Edith Gonzalez.'Officers, such as Sergeant James Elsasser, suspected that the children's step-father, Estanislao Gonzalez, played a role in their disappearance; however, the officers lacked sufficient evidence to make an arrest. 2 The case went cold. 3 In 2003, DNA tests revealed that blood spatter found on Estanislao Gonzalez's apartment walls came from three individuals. 4 Further DNA tests of the blood revealed a mother-daughter relationship between the donors. 5 In May of 2003, officers arrested Estanislao Gonzalez; however, none of the witnesses from 1994 were able to testify at the preliminary hearing. 6 The district attorneys working on the case doubted their ability to prove probable cause 7 without evidence from the original investigation.!In 1990, California voters passed Proposition 115, which gives district attorneys a powerful tool to overcome the dilemma the Los Angeles District Attorneys faced. 9Specifically, Proposition 115 enacted California Penal Code section 872 ("section 872"), ' which creates a hearsay exception that allows an
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".