Climates and health resorts of Canada.

Topography and General Climatic Features of Canada.It will be quite possible to give to the reader, who not only remembers the latitude and longitude of Canada as a whole, but will also study from our maps the deep indentation which the St. Lawrence and its chain of mighty lakes makes into the continent with a total length from the Gulf to Thunder Bay of 2,000 miles, and the juxtaposition of Lake Superior with the great inland salt sea of Hudson's Bay, who will observe the extent of prairie country beginning where the Laurentian rocks end near Rat Portage and extending directly westward over 1,000 miles, or who will notice the outlines of the Rocky Mountains and their western supporters, the Selkirks and Coast Range, extending as a sea of mountains for 500 miles to the Pacific Ocean, a fairly complete idea of the main distinctive features of the climate of each of these extensive regions, with illustrations of some of the individual localities which, through their natural attractions, their easiness of access or their proximity to some large centre of population, have become at least locally noted health resorts.That many of them will become widely known as their health-giving qualities become manifest is as certain as that the exhilarating qualities of Davos Platz, unknown fifteen years ago to the world, had only to be appreciated and to be given to the scientific and pro- fessional world in order that thousands should yearly seek those Alpine heights for recuperation and recovery.To comprehend some»of the chief elements which give quality to our Canadian climate, we have to remember that, compared with Europe with its marvellously indented coast-line, North America has but two-thirds the amount of coast-line of that continent.This coast-line is, moreover, that of two oceans instead of one ; while again Europe, though having many mountain ranges, has them running in various directions* CHARACTER OF whereas North America has its one great backbone COAST -LINES whose influence gives character to the whole interior of COMPARED.the continent.We thus have two distinctly marked climates, the continental and the marine.Of the latter we have, moreover, two very well defined classes.The whole of western Europe feels that marvellous influence of the Gulf Stream, which extends even to the Orkneys, almost in 6o° N. Lat.Canada, in like manner, has on its west coast the equally notable Kuro Sivo current from the Japanese seas.In both instances the current moves southward, modera- ting the climate of the neighboring coasts for many miles inland.The eastern coast of Canada, however, feels the influence of the Gulf Stream to a comparatively slight degree.Indeed, down from Davis Straits, past the Labrador coast, moves a Polar current, which serves INFLUENCE OF to throw the isotherm of the north-temperate zone OCEAN CURRENTS, notably southward,and, though it mingles its waters with those of the Gulf Stream, it nevertheless gives to the eastern coast of Canada a distinctly colder marine climate than that ol England.But while the Maritime provinces have on the sea-board a 4 CLIMATES OF CANADA cold and damp climate in winter, the same causes produce, from May until November, a climate, the glorious and stimulating -influences of which make one almost intoxicated even to think of.The island of Prince Edward, our easternmost province, though she receives the shock of the cold breakers from the north, is one of the most fertile spots in all Canada, growing enormous crops of potatoes and oats, and reaps a sea-PRINCE EDWARD harvest in the clear, cold waters off her coast such ISLAND.that her hospitable people have been enabled to make a dozen centres on the coasts of the tight little island delightful places for recuperation and pleasure, not more because the ozon ized, cool air gives appetite and a relish to existence, than because of the constant invitation it gives whether to riding and driving over sea-sands and the beautiful country roads with their long, winding lines marked in red, from the new red sandstone soil of which the island is formed, or in yachting or going to sea with the fishermen in their dories.Nova Scotia, the eastern mainland, extending between 43^a nd 47 N. Lat., is practically an island in the ocean, being not very much more than a degree in extent at any point north and south, but running across three 5 HEALTH RESORTS AND degrees of latitude from the south-west to the north-east, and at no point having-a height much exceeding 1,000 feet above the sea.The whole prov- ince forms little more than a low-lying extension of the Alleghanies of the American mainland, whose granites and metamorphic rocks as a backbone, with a rim here and there of limestone and on the Fundy shore of red sand- stone, give to the sea-shore a series of innumerable inlets, fiords and bays, which make it the most perfect yachting ground in all America.From St. Mary's Bay, and inside Digby Neck, near the entrance to the Bay of Fundy, to the fiords of Cape Breton, forming a series of arms to the sea of marvellous beauty, known as the Bras d'Or Lakes, or " Arms of Gold," every coast-line, and indeed the whole interior of the narrow peninsula, presents an ever-varying panorama of mingled land and sea pictures, which are surely enough to tempt the most fastidious connoisseur of TOPOGRAPHY AND landscape and climate.Alternate smiles and tears CLIMATE OP might be expected to prevail in a country so exposed NOVA SCOTIA.to changing influences ot wind and temperature.While the winters are necessarily damp and cold and the spring late, owing to the cold currents from the north-east, there is with- out doubt no part of all America where the climate from June to November presents the same infinite charms of soft airs blowing over land and sea, with a sky overhead whose blue is visible through an atmosphere of great clearness and purity.Connected with Nova Scotia by a narrow isthmus, New Brunswick, lying to the north-west, stretches from the Bay of Fundy on the south in 45 N. Lat., to the Baie des Chaleurs in 48 N. Lat., on the north.Extend- ing east and west for three degrees, this province geologically forms the side of the Laurentide basin of Nova Scotia, and includes a wedge-shaped territory, with its apex south-westerly, and formed of a carboniferous series of limestone formations containing some of the most TOPOGRAPHY marvellous bituminous coal beds in the world.The qjp Joggins seams, with their carbonized tree trunks, are NEW BRUNSWICK, the geologist's delight, and the marvel of the unin- itiated ; metamorphic ridges crop up here and there along the Bay of Fundy, while others in the west run north-easterly, follow- ing the general trend of the Appalachians.The country while therefore rough and hilly in some portions, nevertheless does not rise anywhere higher than 1,500 feet above the sea-level.The whole east coast is exposed to the force of the cold north-east winds from the Gulf of St. Lawrence, but the prov- ince as a whole lies inland.The soils over the great carboniferous area have been heavily wooded and fertile, while the alluvial bottoms along the rivers are most productive.Running centrally towards the south, where it empties its cold northern waters into the Bay of Fundy, the St. John river extends north-westerly for a length of 500 miles, forming the north-easterly boundary between the prov- ince and Maine, and taking its origin in the chain of small lakes in the Appa- lachian range in the height of land, whose northern streams flow into the St. Lawrence.In the upper portion of the river the stream runs between high rocky banks to the Grand Falls.Terraces of river gravels rise in many places towards these hills and tell here, as everywhere, the old glacial story of pre- historic Canada.For scenic beauty, certainly nothing can easily surpass the river journey from Fredericton, the political capital, to St. John, the commercial capital of the province.The broad stream flows with increasing swift- ness towards its mouth until it finds itself suddenly checked some distance above the city by the wonderful natural phenomenon where the river, passing through two perpendicular cliffs 300 feet apart, descends, when the tide is out, G CLIMATES OF CANADA in a beautiful waterfall over a rocky ledge, this again only to disappear as the high tides, often approaching thirty feet, swallow up the waterfall and ledge, and set a swift-flowing current up the river.New Brunswick has thus a well-marked inland climate, which in the more northern portions presents the features of bright, delightful summers and autumns, where the outdoor sports of fishing and hunting in the forest wilds, and canoeing on the mountain streams and lakes everywhere, attract thou- sands of tourists from the great American cities of the NEW BRUNSWICK, eastern coast.Indian summer is present in all her per- fections in the crisp upland areas after the first snow falls, and the moose is hunted into November, when a steady winter, with heavy snowfalls and low temperatures, supplies the Canadian ideal of invig- orating and healthful weather.The summer inland is hotter than the coast regions, but taken altogether New Brunswick, with her sister provinces down by the sea, has a summer season which is unrivalled on the continent.Bounding the shores of the great river where it widens into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, begins the oldest of all the provinces of Canada, Quebec.

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