A comparative study of the dietary habits and helminth fauna of \nCanada lynx (Lynx canadensis), Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and Eastern coyote \n(Canis latrans) on insular Newfoundland
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The morphology, diet and helminth fauna of 366 Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis), \n112 Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and 75 Eastern coyote (Canis latrans) were examined from \ninsular Newfoundland. Morphometric data of each species was similar to that reported \nelsewhere . Lynx diet was less diverse than that of either canid and dietary overlap was \nhighest between Red fox and coyote . Snowshoe hare (Lepus american us) was the most \nimportant food item to lynx while Red fox depended more on other prey items including \nMeadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus). Woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus) was \nmore prominent in coyote diets. Examinations for parasites were carried out on the heart , \nlungs, urigenital system and digestive tracts only. Twelve, seven and ten helminth species \nwere recovered from lynx, Red fox and coyote respectively. Taenia macrocystis and T \nlaticollis were only recovered from lynx. Taenia pisiformis and Toxascaris leonina were \nrecovered in lynx and coyote, with higher prevalences in lynx. Crenosoma vulpis was \nmost prevalent in Red fox and coyote, while T ovis krabbei and Toxocara canis were \nmore prevalent in coyotes . Seventy-three percent oflynx, 10.3% of Red fox and 16.0% of \ncoyotes were parasitized by two or more co-occurring parasite species. Multiple parasite \ninfections were significantly higher in juvenile Red fox and coyotes. The geographic \nareas studied in this report did not contain all of the species under consideration. Some \nareas were more heavily represented by some species (i.e. Red fox) which were collected \nduring the Rabies Eradication Program carried out in northern and western \nNewfoundland during 2002-2004 whereas there was one specimen from central \nNewfoundland and none from the other locations. There were significant differences in parasite prevalence patterns and parasite species diversity with respect to intrinsic and \nextrinsic factors associated with each host and geographic location where specimen \nnumbers permitted. Of the areas with sufficient sample sizes three main areas of parasite \ninfection were identified; Northern Peninsula, West Coast and North East Coast. Higher \nprevalences were recorded from West to East. This study represents the first record of \nPhysaloptera rara from Red fox and coyotes in insular Newfoundland. Angiostrongylus \nvasorum was recovered from one coyote on the North East Coast. Taenia ovis krabbei \nwas recovered from coyotes on the North East Coast and Central Newfoundland but was \npreviously only known from Arctic fox in northern Newfoundland. Diversity of parasite \nspecies in insular Newfoundland may be increasing as a result of the establishment of \nEastern coyote populations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".