Emerging Treatment Options for Geographic Atrophy (GA) Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hannah Khan,1 Aamir A Aziz,1 Humza Sulahria,2 Huma Khan,2 Abrahim Ahmed,3 Netan Choudhry,4– 7 Raja Narayanan,8,9 Carl Danzig,10 Arshad M Khanani1,2 1University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA; 2Sierra Eye Associates, Reno, NV, USA; 3Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; 4Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; 5Vitreous Retina Macula Specialists of Toronto, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada; 6Cleveland Clinic Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; 7Octane Imaging Lab, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; 8Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India; 9Indian Health Outcomes, Public Health and Economics Research Centre (IHOPE), Hyderabad, Telangana, India; 10Rand Eye Institute, Deerfield Beach, FL, USACorrespondence: Arshad M Khanani, Sierra Eye Associates, 950 Ryland Street, Reno, NV, USA, Tel +1 775 329-0286, Fax +1 775 329-0849, Email Arshad.khanani@gmail.comAbstract: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is characterized as a chronic, multifactorial disease and is the leading cause of irreversible blindness. Advanced AMD is classified as neovascular (wet) AMD and non-neovascular (dry) AMD. Dry AMD can progress to a more advanced form that manifests as geographic atrophy (GA), which significantly threatens vision, leading to progressive and irreversible loss of visual function. There are currently no approved therapeutics commercially available for GA patients. However, data from various clinical trials have demonstrated favorable results with significant reduction in GA lesion growth. Approaches to GA treatment vary from complement inhibitors to ocular gene therapy, some of which may delay disease progression, while others may reverse the disease. This review furthers the understanding of the pathophysiology of GA, as well as current clinical trial data on investigational therapeutics.Keywords: complement system, gene therapy, neuroprotective agents, personalized treatment, anti-inflammatory agents, intravitreal injection
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".