An Historical Perspective of the Growth and Development of Canada's Petroleum Industry: 1946-1970
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Prior to 1947, 85% of Canada's crude oil requirements were met by importing oil from foreign sources. Most of this oil came from the United States and Venezuela. The oil from the United States entered Canada by means of pipe lines to the Sarnia and Montreal areas while that shipped into the prairie provinces arrived by railroad tank car. Canada's coastal refineries, in the Maritimes and in British Columbia, received their oil by way of tankers. In all, domestic oil production in Canada in 1946 amounted to only 21,000 barrels per day, while imports exceeded 200,000 barrels per day.' This contributed to Canada's deficit balance of trade and worked an economic hardship on a nation the size of Canada. In the search for oil in Canada, large amounts of capital had been invested with the seemingly inevitable result of an additional dry hole. Since 1860, with the exception of the Turner Valley Oil Field in Alberta, no major oil discovery had been made in Canada. By 1946, production of the Turner Oil Field had dropped from its peak of 11,000,000 barrels in 1930 to a mere 6,000,000 barrels in 1946.2 One factor contributing to the decline in production was the extreme demand placed on this field during the war years. With national orders for oil and oil products increasing every day, it was apparent that the Turner Oil Fieldsupplemented by other smaller fields in Alberta-would not be able to meet even the requirements of the western prairie provinces in the near future.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.008 | 0.015 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.011 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".