Male employment and first union formation in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Over the past several decades, Canada has experienced substantial changes in the formation of first union, mainly characterized by a decline in first marriage and upsurge in nonmarital cohabitation. Relying on male-oriented economic arguments, this study explores the relation of men's employment to their transition to first union, both first marriage and first cohabitation. Empirical findings, based on data from the 1995 General Social Survey (GSS-95), generally suggest that employment is positively associated with the formation of either type of first union, although with a greater effect on marriage than on cohabitation. Further, there is no evidence that the effect of employment on first union depends on the level of education. This study also conducts regional analysis in first union formation between Quebec men and other Canadian men. The findings imply that the effect of employment does not differ between the two regions in the process of first union. Incorporating marital and nonmarital unions in a single analysis, this study broadens our knowledge of the transition to first union of Canadian men.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".