The mucosal basis of natural immunity to HIV infection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The HIV pandemic to date has killed over 20 million and currently infects 40 million people world wide.Through socioeconomic, cultural, demographic and biological factors, the greatest burden of this disease has been upon women with a disproportionately larger number of infections in women compared to men.Despite effective prevention programs and the advent of anti-retroviral therapy this pandemic shows little sign of slowing and after 20 years of research we have not yet achieved what is most desperately needed to halt this pandemic, an effective vaccine against HIV transmission.In Nairobi, Kenya, the discovery of a group of HlV-resistant sex workers offers a unique opportunity to derive insight into factors which may constitute protection against infection.Natural immunity to HIV thus far is extremely rare therefore identifying correlates and protective factors against HIV in these women could have profound implications for development of a protective vaccine.In recent years we have come to recognize the importance of understanding HIV transmission at the primary site at which the virus enters the body, the mucosal barrier.Here, the characteúzation of the genital tract mucosal immune system among HlV-resistant women is described.A characteristic phenotype of elevated levels of CD4+ T cells as well as high levels of a known inhibitor of HIV, the chemokine RANTES, in the genital mucosa of HlV-resistant women was found.In addition, a novel proteomics approach was employed to screen the cervical secretions of these women and discovered a novel inhibitor of HIV, trappin-2, a protein that is highly associated with HIV resistance.These findings may lead to the development of new prevention tools against HIV infection, in particular, the development of a microbicide which could protect women from the disease.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".