Nesting ecology of the Hawaiian Duck Anas wyvilliana on northern Kauaâi, Hawaiâi, USA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The nesting ecology of the endangered Hawaiian Duck Anas wyvilliana was studied on Kaua‘i, Hawai‘i, USA between 2012 and 2014. Radio-telemetry and other nest-searching techniques (e.g. foot searches, chain drags) were used to locate and characterise nest sites, and to estimate clutch size and nest success. Nests were found in upland areas associated with a variety of land cover types, including forests, Taro Colocasia esculenta agriculture, managed wetlands, grasslands and scrub/shrub ( n = 29). Topographic features associated with nest sites included dikes, upland flats, dry wetland basins and mountain ridges. Distance between nests and water ranged from 0.1–100 m (mean ± s.e. = 26.7 ± 7.3 m; n = 22). Mean height of vegetation at the nests was 103 ± 15 cm, and median overhead cover class was for 66–95% concealment ( n = 21). Ground cover within 1 m of nests in forest and scrub/shrub habitat was dominated by Wedelia Sphagneticola trilobata, Uluhe Dicranopteris linearis, Barbas de Indio Andropogon bicornis and California Grass Urochloa mutica ( n = 9). Dominant plant species around nests in Taro agriculture primarily included Wedelia, Shortleaf Spikesedge Kyllinga brevifolia and Nodeweed Synedrella nodiflora ( n = 8); ground cover in grassland was dominated by Wedelia, California Grass and Guinea Grass Megathyrsus maximus (n = 3). Birds initiated 96% of nests during the eight-month period from October–May inclusive, with 52% occurring during February through April ( n = 23). No re-nests were confirmed; however, one radio-tagged female nested three times within a 14-month period, with nest attempts (two successful, one failed) six and eight months apart. Mean clutch size was 5.8 ± 0.4 eggs (range = 4–9; n = 19), and clutch size was higher during the wet season (November–April; 6.1 + 0.4 eggs) than the dry season (May–October; 4.5 ± 0.3 eggs). Nest success was 0.387 (95% CI = 0.150–0.623; n = 20). Causes of nest failure included complete depredation ( n = 1), flooding ( n = 1), and abandonment due to partial depredation or unknown reasons ( n = 6).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".