PARADIPLOMASI LINGKUNGAN CALIFORNIA MELALUI UPAYA \nIMPLEMENTASI CAP-AND-TRADE TAHUN 2014-2018
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bersama dengan globalisasi, meningkatnya keikutsertaan aktor subnasional \ndi aktivitas internasional turut termasuk ke dalam isu lingkungan. Negara bagian di \nAmerika Utara seperti Arizona, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Montana, Washington, \nOntario, dan British Columbia mundur bahkan membatalkan menerapkan kebijakan \njual beli emisi karbon atau cap-and-trade. Menyisakan hanya California dan \nQuebec sebagai negara anggota WCI yang masih menerapkan kebijakan jual beli \nemisi karbon cap-and-trade. Diantara kedua daerah di Amerika Utara ini hanya \nCalifornia dapat mencapai target penurunan emisi pada tahun 2016 dari target tahun \n2020. \nPenelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan konsep penerapan kebijakan \nlingkungan aktor subnasional oleh Stetzer dan Chaloux, untuk membantu peneliti \nmenjelaskan aspek aspek penerapan kebijakan jual beli emisi karbon oleh \nCalifornia, serta teori motif paradiplomasi oleh Kuznetsov untuk membantu peneliti \nmemilih aspek yang paling berpengaruh dalam penerapan kebijakan jual beli emisi \nkarbon di California. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan studi pustaka dan \ndokumentasi dalam pendekatan kualitatif. Analisis data dengan menggunakan \nteknik analisis kondensasi, penyajian dan penarikan kesimpulan data yang telah \ndiperoleh. \nHasil penelitian ini dapat dilihat bahwa aspek penciptaan mendapat \npenolakan dari berbagai entitas seperti publik, ekonomi, hingga politik. Penerapan \nkebijakan ini berhasil selamat dari upaya untuk menghentikan penerapan kebijakan \nini dari pemerintah federal. Dapat disimpulkan aspek yang paling berpengaruh \ndalam penerapan kebijakan ini di California adalah aspek pembagian kebijakan ini \ndengan Quebec karena mendukung tujuan penerapan kebijakan cap-and-trade di \nCalifornia yang sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dalam motif ekonomi paradiplomasi \nKuznetsov yang terdiri dari hemat secara biaya dengan prinsip ekonomi dan \npenurunan emisi karbon dengan prinsip geografis. \nKata Kunci: cap-and-trade, California, Kebijakan Lingkungan, Subnasional \n \nAlong with globalization, the increasing participation of sub-national actors \nin international activities has also included environmental issues. States in North \nAmerica, such as Arizona, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Montana, Washington, \nOntario, and British Columbia, have stepped back and even canceled implementing \ncarbon emission trading or cap-and-trade policies. Leaving only California and \nQuebec as WCI member countries which still implement a cap-and-trade carbon \nemission buying and selling policy. Among the two regions in North America, only \nCalifornia can achieve its emission reduction target in 2016 from the 2020 target. \nThis research was conducted using the concept of implementing subnational \nactor environmental policies by Stetzer and Chaloux, to help researchers explain \naspects of implementing carbon emission buying and selling policies. By \nCalifornia, as well as the theory of paradiplomatic motives by Kuznetsov to help \nresearchers choose the most influential aspects in the implementation of buying and \nselling carbon emission policies in California. Data collection was carried out by \nmeans of literature study and documentation in a qualitative approach. Data \nanalysis using condensation analysis techniques, presenting and drawing \nconclusions on the data that has been obtained. \nThe results of this study can be seen that the aspect of creation is rejected by \nvarious entities such as the public, the economy, and politics. The adoption of this \npolicy survived efforts to stop the adoption of this policy by the federal government. \nIt can be concluded that the most influential aspect in implementing this policy in \nCalifornia is the aspect of sharing this policy with Quebec because it supports the \ngoal of implementing cap-and-trade policies in California in accordance with the \nprinciples in Kuznetsov's paradiplomatic economic motive which consists of being \ncost-effective with the principle economics and reducing carbon emissions with \ngeographical principles. \nKeywords: cap-and-trade, California, Environmental Policy, Subnational
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".