Phenotypic plasticity of habitat use by three\ntemperate eel species, Anguilla anguilla,\nA. japonica and A. rostrata
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Habitat use patterns of 3 species of temperate eels, Anguilla anguilla, A. japonica and A. rostrata, were investigated using otolith strontium:calcium ratio life history transects. Published and unpublished data from 6 sites (Canada, United States, Sweden, France, Taiwan and Japan) sampled across the geographical range of each eel species were compiled. Sr:Ca patterns indicated that the 3 species displayed similar patterns of habitat use. In all sites, patterns of habitat use consisted of either residency in one habitat (fresh, brackish, or marine) or movements between habitats. One movement pattern consisted of either a single change or 2 changes of habitat from fresh to brackish waters, or from brackish water to freshwater. Seasonal movements between fresh and brackish waters were observed for all 3 species. When only a single habitat switch event was detected, it occurred between 3 and 5 yr of age. Occurrence of eels with no freshwater experience was demonstrated, but such eels accounted for a smaller proportion of the overall sample than eels with some (even brief) freshwater experience. Contrary to the common convention that these are obligate catadromous species, we must now consider them as facultative catadromous, with far more flexibility\nin habitat use. The most variable parameter among study sites was the relative proportion, rather than the diversity, of lifetime spent in the various habitat use patterns. Eels found at higher latitudes\nexhibited a greater probability of remaining in the lower reaches of watersheds in brackish water. Diversity of habitat use appears to be a common strategy of temperate eel species, and, as a life history\ntactic, is under environmental control.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".