PSYCHOPATHIC TRAITS AND THE SEVERITY AND FREQUENCY OF INSTRUMENTAL AND REACTIVE VIOLENT OFFENDING
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of this study was to test the validity of distinguishing between reactive and instrumental violence by determining whether these types of violence are related to different psychopathic traits. The files of 65 Canadian federal offenders were reviewed to determine frequency and severity of reactive and instrumental violent offending and frequency of nonviolent offending. Offenders self-reported their psychopathic traits using the Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised (Lilienfeld & Widows, 2005). As hypothesized, reactive offenses were more severe than instrumental offenses. Negative binomial regression indicated that rate of instrumental violent offending was negatively related to rates of both reactive violent offending and nonviolent offending which were unrelated to each other. Three of the six hypotheses concerning psychopathic traits were supported. These findings provide support for the reactive-instrumental distinction and are discussed within the context of the general theory of crime. Implications for the assessment of psychopathy and for rehabilitation programs are presented.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".