The Structure of Gas Distribution on the Flow in and the Performance of Pressure Wave Refrigerator
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The influence of some structural factors, i.e. the nozzle style, relative gas charge time on the flow in and the performance of pressure wave refrigerator are studied theoretically and experimentally in this paper. The results show that the strength of incident shock wave is the strongest when using the contraction nozzle, follows by using the laval nozzle, and is the weakest when using the uniform nozzle when the ratio of the expansion ε is from 2.0 to 12.0. Thus the cooling effect of pressure wave refrigerator is the strongest when using the contraction nozzle. The maximun refrigerating efficiency ηmax is increased first and then decreased when the relative gas charge time τ is increased. The optimum relative gas charge time τ is about 0.06 when the ratio of the expansion ε is 4, the ratio of length to diameter L/d is 400 and the relative depth of the jet hole in gas distribution is 0.55. When τ>0.075, the optimum pulsing frequency (fopt) is on the second peak of the refrigerating efficiency , while fopt is on the third peak of the refrigerating efficiency when τ>0.075.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".