THYMELICUS LINEOLA (LEPIDOPTERA: HESPERIIDAE) AND ITS PARASITES IN EUROPE
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The distribution, ecology, and host-plants of the European skipper, Thymelicus lineola (Ochs.), are described, and notes given on its biology and abundance in continental Europe. Agricultural practices are responsible for its virtual absence from hay-fields; however, even in undisturbed wild host-plant communities, it is never abundant, and has never required control measures as in Canada. Parasites of T. lineola are listed, with notes on their life-histories, distribution, host spectra, relative abundance, annual fluctuations, and interpopulation variations. Parasites reared were Phryxe vulgaris Fall., Thecocarcelia incedens Rond, (both attacking larvae, but sometimes emerging after host pupation), Rogas tristis Wesm. (larval parasite), Labrorychus delarvatus Grav. (larval-pupal parasite), Stenichneumon scutellator Grav. and Brachymeria intermedia Nees (pupal parasites); an undetermined mermithid was reared from larvae and also once from an adult S. scutellator. Rogas tristis was attacked by the hyperparasite Mesochorus macrurus Thoms., and S. scutellator by Gelis cursitans F. Potentialities of the more important species for biological control of T. lineola in Canada are discussed. S. scutellator, which is well synchronized with the host, regularly parasitizes 30-50% of pupae and is the most promising natural enemy for introduction, although in Canada it will compete with the native Itoplectis conquisitor (Say). R. tristis (3-57% parasitism) and P. vulgaris (8-44%), with high constancy in Europe, might be considered for introduction to Canada because of the absence there of effective native larval parasites. T. incedens, although probably a specific hesperiid parasite, is uncommon (usually 1-5% parasitism) and has low constancy in central Europe. All other species encountered are rare on T. lineola. Comparison of parasite complexes in Europe and Canada, where the host has acquired 22 natural enemies, shows that four genera are represented in both areas; of three holarctic species two have been found associated with T. lineola only in Canada, and one only in Europe
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".