A Two-Level Justification for Religious Toleration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Many contemporary theories of freedom of religion presume that the freedom must be based on the society’s special valuing of religious belief. But that is not so. Religious freedom is most important, indeed is most required, when the beliefs that are protected are considered false and perhaps even harmful. This paper presents an alternative two-level understanding of freedom of religion. The first and most rudimentary level emphasizes the mere toleration of religious belief, based on the benefits of living in peaceable community with people of different beliefs. The second and more demanding level emphasizes the affirmative value of inter-religious dialogue. This second level, while it is indeed worth cultivating, is nevertheless more difficult to sustain precisely because it requires that non-believers attach affirmative value to religious belief. Both levels are therefore essential to a complete theory of religious freedom: the first to provide a robust baseline of religious toleration sufficient to protect the virtue of living together in peace against the consequences of religious antipathy; and the second to encourage the substantial benefits of inter-religious learning, fragile though they may be.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.018 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.030 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".