Advances in CO<inf>2</inf> utilization technology: A patent landscape review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
© 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. There is rising concern on the increasing trend of global warming due to anthropogenic CO2 emission which steers progress of carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects worldwide. However, due to high cost and uncertainties in long term geological storage, there is a growing inclination to include utilization, which re-use the CO2, hence carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS). Additionally, it is expected to generate income to offset the initial costs. This study methodically review patents on CO2 utilization technologies for CCUS application published between year 1980-2017. It was conducted using the Derwent Innovation patent database and more than 3000 number of patents was identified. The patents identified are in the field of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and enhanced coal-bed methane (ECBM), chemical and fuel, mineral carbonation, biological algae cultivation and enhanced geothermal system (EGS). Over 60% of these patents were published since the last 10 years, and a sharp increase in patents were seen in the last 5 years (∼38%). The top major patent types are patents granted in the United States (US), China (CN) and Canada (CA) which makes of 3/5 of the overall patent type found. Recent patents published include enhancements to the state-of-the-art technologies and hybrid concepts such as in photo-bioreactor in algae cultivation, chemical reaction and EGS. From this study, it was found that further research for the best CO2 utilization method which fulfil the need of an economic, safe, non-location dependent and environmentally friendly whilst efficiently mitigate the worldwide global warming issue is much needed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.008 | 0.009 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".