Alterations in Tgf-β Signaling Mediate the Biologic Behaviour of Osteosarcoma Cell Lines
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a mesenchymal tumour of bone common among children and young adults. Prognosis is poor if metastases are present at diagnosis. The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway plays a complex dual role in cancer. We hypothesized that alterations in the TGF-β signaling pathway are important in the tumorigenesis of osteosarcoma cell lines. Smad phosphorylation and nuclear localization, Smad4 expression, and TAZ expression were determined in the HOS osteosarcoma cell line and tumorigenic derivatives. Basal TGF-β activity and TAZ expression correlated with a tumorigenic phenotype in the KHOS cell lines as measured by Anchorage Independent Growth (AIG). In comparison, exogenous TGF-β suppressed AIG and acted as a tumour suppressor, while Smad4-deficient KHOS cells were resistant to the inhibitory TGF-β effect. In conclusion, basal TGF-β signaling and TAZ correlate with increased tumorigenic potential in osteosarcoma cell lines, whereas exogenous TGF-β acted as a tumour suppressor in a Smad4-dependent manner.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".