Ageing and Sexing Lapland Longspurs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To determine ageing and sexing criteria for Lapland Longspurs (Calcarius lapponicus), I studied known-age longspurs during fall migration at Thunder Cape, Ontario, examined museum specimens, and reviewed the literature.In fall and w•nter, Lapland Longspurs can be aged reliably by the shape of the rectrices, particularly the central pair, which have pointed tips in first winter (Hatch Year/Second Year) birds and rounded tips in older b•rds.Feather wear may render this criterion •ncreasingly unreliable in late winter, spring, and summer.Primary covert shape and wear were not reliable for ageing.Because the pre-alternate molt is extremely limited, much of the sexually distinctive summer plumage is present throughout the winter, though obscured by feather tips and edgings that subsequently disappear.Therefore, fall and winter Lapland Longspurs can be sexed by the same criteria as in summer, specifically by sexual dimorphism of the plumage of the upper breast, nape, and crown.At Thunder Cape, up to 61% of Lapland Longspurs could be sexed by wing chord measurements, but no overlap between the sexes was apparent in plumage criteria.comparison).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".