The Belgian Consulate-General in Seoul (1903-1907): Materiality, Contested Authorship and Hidden Networks of Actors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper questions the authorship of the Belgian Consulate-General in Seoul (1903-1907), which was claimed as a solo project by the Belgian architect Alphonse Groothaert (1860-1922). The drawings and accompanying text published by Groothaert in the Brussels-based architectural magazine “Vers l’art” (1911) communicate the earlier project proposal he submitted to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, not the final as-built project. As such, he negates the contributions of Seoul-based Canadian architect H. B. Gordon and other local actors involved in adapting Groothaert’s design to the specificity of the local climate and building traditions. This paper aims to deconstruct this proposed reading of the buildings’ authorship by analysing specifically the materiality of the building, which allows the uncovering of various networks of hidden actors that impacted the design and construction process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.017 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".