Coming Out & Catching Up: An International Review of Workplace Protections for the Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Communities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The United States (U.S.) has codified protections against discrimination within the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. But, as history has proven, this is not enough. In the U.S., employment-related discrimination is one of the most commonly reported forms of discrimination across all ethnic groups. As a result, in recent years, minority groups have faced real consequences. This trend in the workplace extends across many countries. This Comment provides a comparative analysis of federal workplace discrimination protections for LGBT individuals across nations similar to the U.S. The focus will be on the U.S., the United Kingdom (U.K.), and Canada—all English-speaking, common law countries with historical ties to Great Britain. Learning from this comparison, this Comment argues that the U.S. should adopt protections by judicial interpretations of existing statutes (“litigation prong”) and further by legislative ratification (“legislative prong”).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.010 | 0.012 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".