CONTRIBUTION OF NATIVES OF UKRAINE TO THE ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT AND COMBAT APPLICATION OF BOMBARDMENT AVIATION (FIRST QUARTER OF THE 20th CENTURY)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The article defi nes the main stages of formation and formation of bomber aviation, focusing on the generalhistory of its development and the contribution of natives of Ukraine.According to the author, the achievement of the Ukrainians at that time led, for the fi rst time in the world, tothe formation of long-range bomber aviation and the creation of the “Aircraft Squadron”, which was stationedin Vinnytsia in 1916–1917.Also, the article analyzes the pre-war (1903–1914) stage of aviation development, defi ning it as a periodof active development of the aviation industry in the world and on the territory of Ukraine. Special attention isfocused on highlighting the history of the Airship Squadron, which took place during the period of rapid growthof the aviation industry during the First World War (1914–1917).The events related to the aviation industry in the period from 1918 to 1920, which was quite important and,at the same time, the most diffi cult stage of the development of the aviation industry due to the national liberationcontests, are fragmentarily covered.A general conclusion was made that the natives of Ukraine made an extremely large contribution to theestablishment and formation of long-range bomber aviation, and the Kyiv Aviation Society became an aviationcenter that united not only professors, engineers and designers known at that time, but also students of the KyivPolytechnic Institute, which became pioneers in the development of world aviation science and technology.Their achievements were the fi rst in world history and made it possible to form the “Aircraft Squadron”, whichwas stationed in the city of Vinnytsia (Ukraine) in 1916–1917.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".