The design and synthesis of dendrimers for applications in the pulp and paper industry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Dendrimers find applications in many diverse fields including biology, catalysis, the pulp and paper industry, etc. The distinctive properties of dendrimers leading to their wide applicability include tailorability and high surface group density. In this thesis the design and synthesis of water soluble dendrimers for potential applications as anti-scalants and bactericides, two important areas within the pulp and paper industry, are explored. The dendrimers were constructed on a tetrafunctional core which allows us to obtain a higher number of end groups at a lower generation than in the bi- and trifunctional cores generally employed. We utilized "click" chemistry, or more specifically the copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction, for both dendrimer synthesis and post-functionalization. The implementation of this methodology required the selection of appropriate acetylene- and azide-terminated building blocks. For this purpose we chose i) an acetylene-terminated molecule having a carboxylic acid end group; and ii) an azide-terminated building block with a diol group at its other end. Using a divergent synthetic methodology in which the azide unit was first linked to the tetrafunctional acetylene core, followed by an esterification with the carboxylic acid group of the acetylene-terminated building block, we constructed acetylene-terminated dendrimers of generations 1-3. Generations 0-2 with terminal acetylene groups were subsequently functionalized with cationic amino groups for an evaluation of their behaviour as bactericides, and phosphonate groups for potential application as anti-scalants. The cationic amino-functionalized dendrimers, G0-NH3+, G1-NH3+ and G2-NH3+, as well as one of the OH-terminated dendrimers, G1, were then evaluated for their bactericidal efficacy. The generation one dendrimer, G1-NH3+, was found to be the most effective bactericide. Additionally it was determined to be more potent than several previously studied dendrimers. The deprotection of the phosphonate-terminated dendrimers from their ethyl esters to the corresponding alcohols was found to be cumbersome, and prevented their evaluation as anti-scalants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".