The 'croziers' of the agro-pastoral societies of southern Portugal (last quarter of the 4th / early 3rd millennium BC)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper constitutes the first-ever characterization study of the artefacts referred to as 'croziers', to their similarities with episcopal staves or croziers and shepherds croziers or croziers. Several possibilities are considered to explain the existence of these artefacts of a symbolic and exclusively funerary character: An inventory of the known exemplars is presented hereby. There is a special concentration in central Alentejo, encompassing the megalithic region of Reguengos de Monsaraz, and two other clusters, much less important, limited to a few specimens, in the Eastern and Northeastern Alentejo, always related to the presence of megaliths. The study of the decorative elements and their organization resulted in the identification of three main iconographic groups. The set of decorated exemplars from the westernmost domain, situated between the Tagus River and the Atlantic Ocean, constitutes a group with particular characteristics as both sides of the items are decorated. Excepting one item, all the artefacts display decoration on one side only with the exception of some undecorated specimens; the heads of these exemplars are always oriented to the left. This feature can be correlated with the way they were ritually held: admitting that they were wielded in the right hand of the deceased, only the convex longitudinal edge could be functional, which is consistente with their use as machetes, among other possibilities that are also the subject of dicussion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".