Development and scale-up of vacuum UV-based advanced oxidation to degrade aqueous organic micropollutants
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ENG- The degradation of organic micropollutants is crucial for the realization of sustainable (re)use of water. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) are often chosen for this purpose. One such widely applied AOP is UV/H2O2 AOP, which employs either medium-pressure or low-pressure mercury (LP-Hg) lamps. LP-Hg lamps have two peak wavelengths, at 253.7 nm and 184.9 nm. The 184.9 nm (or Vacuum UV (VUV)) can photolyse water to produce hydroxyl radical (HO.) amongst other reactive radicals, thus eliminating the need for the addition of oxidants. However, due to its high absorption by water, 1.76cm-1, VUV is almost completely absorbed in the first 5mm of the water depth, in the case of ultra-pure water. In real water matrices, due to the presence of anions like chloride, sulfate, nitrate, etc., absorption at VUV is higher, resulting in an even smaller penetration depth for the VUV photons. Consequently, the reactive radicals will be concentrated in a small zone around the lamp. This attribute makes it challenging to design photoreactors that employ VUV for AOP purposes. Although several laboratory-scale research were conducted and published on VUV-AOP, their implications on the design of pilot-scale photoreactors were not known. These hurdles impeded the development of VUV-AOP further than the lab scale. To address these challenges in the scope of a doctoral thesis several companies and research institutes collaborated. The companies involved were PWN (drinking water utility), the Netherlands; Trojan UV (municipal UV system and AOP system manufacturer and supplier); Canada, Brown and Caldwell (full-service environmental engineering and consultancy firm), the USA and the research institutes involved were Wetsus (centre of excellence for sustainable water technology); the Netherlands and the Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Spain. The experimental work was carried out in Wetsus and PWNT (previously commercial daughter company of PWN) in the Netherlands. This doctoral thesis explores the feasibility of pilot-scale stand-alone chemical-free VUV-AOP alongside the benefits of a combined VUV+ UV/H2O2 AOP
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".