Dynamic range compressor ear training: Improving critical listening skills through software-assisted practice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Traditionally, audio enthusiasts looking to enter the field of sound recording have been trained via a master/apprentice relationship.However, in recent decades a large number of institutions have started to offer training in audio engineering at the post-secondary level.Students are expected to develop their skills during two-to four-year programs that would have normally been acquired through five-to ten-year apprenticeships.As part of their training, students must learn to operate and audibly recognize the effects of a variety of audio signal processors.The following work involved creating, testing, and reporting on the efficacy of a training method and its associated tools for an important and often misunderstood processor: the dynamic range compressor (DRC).The focused development of the critical listening skills required to recognize these audible effects is called technical ear training (TET).Past research has resulted in training methodologies for a variety of common audio attributes: spectral content, spatial attributes, reverberation, distortion, noise, loudness, MP3 artifacts, and dynamic range.Research into the efficacy of these methodologies is limited but suggests participants improve with increasing training.Overall, continuous development and validation of methodologies for DRC TET have received little previous work.The DRC TET program created in this study was used to train a group of eight audio engineering technology students over a period of one year.Analysis of the training data revealed that the students improved over the training period at a rate similar to those reported by other researchers.A series of pre-/post-training listening tests were also administered to measure improvement on a set of nearly-related listening tasks including a control group and professional group for reference.The trained students successfully transferred the skills learned to a real-world mixing task, while the control group did not.The trained students also outperformed the professional group.Overall, it was determined that this DRC TET program was successful.Students improved in their understanding of DRC operation and their ability to detect and quantify audible DRC effects.The software and listening test results presented in this thesis should be useful for educators training audio engineers and a variety of other professionals: researchers training listening test participants, acoustic engineers, electrical engineers, musicians, producers, composers, and more.iii Rsum Traditionnellement, les passionns d'audio cherchant entrer dans le domaine de l'enregistrement sonore ont t forms via une relation matre / apprenti.Cependant, au cours des dernires dcennies, un grand nombre d'tablissements ont commenc offrir une formation en ingnierie audio au niveau postsecondaire.Les tudiants doivent dvelopper leurs comptences au cours de programmes de deux quatre ans qui auraient normalement t acquises dans le cadre d'un apprentissage de cinq dix ans.Pendant leur formation, les tudiants doivent apprendre utiliser et reconnatre de manire audible les effets d'une varit de processeurs de signaux audio.La thse suivante rsume un travail de cration, de test et de rapportage sur le succs d'une mthode de formation et des outils associs pour un processeur important, mais souvent mal compris : le compresseur de plage dynamique (DRC).Le dveloppement cibl des comptences d'coute critiques requises pour reconnatre et quantifier ces effets audibles est appel entranement auditif technique (TET).Plusieurs chercheurs ont cr des mthodologies TET adressant une varit d'attributs audio courant : contenu spectral, attributs spatiaux, rverbration, distorsion, bruit, volume, artefacts MP3 et plage dynamique.Les recherches sur le succs de ces mthodologies sont limites, mais des expriences impliquant des technologies TET spatiales et spectrales suggrent que les tudiants amliorent leurs capacits d'coute critiques en suivant une formation croissante.Dans l'ensemble, peu de travaux antrieurs ont t raliss avec des compresseurs de plage dynamique.Le programme TET li au DRC cr dans le cadre de cette tude a t utilis pour former un groupe de huit tudiants en technologies de l'ingnierie audio sur une priode d'un an.L'analyse des donnes de formation a rvl que les tudiants s'taient amliors au cours de la priode de formation un rythme similaire ceux rapports par d'autres chercheurs.Une srie de tests d'coute avant et aprs la formation ont galement t administrs pour mesurer l'amlioration vis--vis un ensemble de tches d'coute similaires, notamment par un groupe contrle d'tudiants et un groupe d'ingnieurs professionnels.Les tudiants forms ont transfr avec succs les comptences acquises vers une tche de mixage similaire, alors que le groupe tmoin ne l'a pas fait.Les tudiants forms ont galement obtenu des rsultats suprieurs ceux du groupe professionnel lors de ces tests d'coute.Globalement, il a t dtermin que ce programme TET li au DRC tait un succs.Les tudiants ont amlior leur comprhension du fonctionnement du DRC ainsi que leur capacit iv dtecter et quantifier les effets audibles du DRC.Le logiciel et les rsultats des tests d'coute prsents dans cette thse seront utiles aux enseignants qui forment des ingnieurs du son et divers autres professionnels : chercheurs formant des participants aux tests d'coute, ingnieurs en acoustique, ingnieurs lectriciens, musiciens, producteurs, compositeurs, etc.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".