Evaluation of reduced-risk alternative control programs for insect pests of apple and their impact on beneficial insects
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ontario apple growers rely on the use of organophoshporus (OP) insecticides to manage several pests of apple including plum curculio ('Conotrachelus nenuphar' Herbst), apple maggot ('Rhagoletis pomonella' Walsh), European apple sawfly ('Hoplocampa testudinea' Klug), codling moth ('Cydia pomonella' Linnaeus) and mullein bug (' Campylomma verbasci' Meyer). Due to regulatory concerns regarding the impact of OP insecticides on worker safety, the use of these products may be severely restricted or eliminated. Alternatives to OP insecticides must be efficacious against pests and have minimal impact on beneficial insects. Reduced-risk insecticide programs tested were as efficacious as OP insecticide programs. Laboratory bioassays revealed that the reduced-risk insecticide, acetamiprid, was more toxic to some beneficial insects than OP insecticides. In field trials, the OP and reduced-risk insecticide programs were similar in toxicity to beneficial insects. Long-term studies are needed to evaluate the toxicity of reduced-risk insecticides to insect pests and beneficial insects.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".