ENERGY PRODUCTION FROM SEA WAVES AND CURRENTS. A GENERAL REVIEW
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Energy from the sea constitutes the 'blue' type of the renewable energy sources (RES). During the last decades, a number of devices for electric energy production from sea waves and currents are in implementation. Depending on their location and the technologies, different types of those devices were developed. Concerning the highest mean wave power worldwide, this varies from 20 to 70 kW/m at the coasts of West Europe, Canada, USA, south coasts of Australia and Latin America. In the Mediterranean Sea the wave power varies between 4 and 11 kW/m. Regarding the the currents energy, the main exploitable type is the tidal currents mainly at West Europe and North America East coasts. Many countries of the afore-mentioned areas have exploited the energy from sea before the end of the previous millennium. Other countries, with low sea energy potential, are at the level of theoretical investigation. A special case of profitable exploitation of the 'marine' energy, especially when this energy potential is low, is the construction and operation of structures or devices which, apart from their main role (the protection of a harbour or desalination of the seawater), have also the additional role of the sea energy exploitation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".