Hydrogeochemical Evolution of Groundwaters in the Williston Basin, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Glacial cycles over the last two million years have successfully altered deep groundwater flow in the Williston Basin, Canada. Mixing with evaporated paleoseawater has resulted in unique geochemical signatures in formation waters with spatial and temporal trends, however the timing of glaciogenic recharge into the Williston Basin and spatial understanding of the flow system is loosely constrained. I examine timing and effect of glaciogenic recharge by using an integration of fluid chemistry, stable isotope data, and transport modeling. Results demonstrate that meltwater arrived at depths of ~600 to 1000 m in the northcentral region of the Williston Basin at two separate time periods, 75 to 150 ka and 300 ka. Spatial analysis of geochemical data illustrates that meltwater recharge extended to a continuous recharge belt along the northern margin of the Williston Basin, greater than previously anticipated. Individual and multi-variate analysis of isotope and solute geochemistry exhibit trends that contribute to fractionation of δ18O, δ2H, 87Sr/86Sr, δ37Cl, and δ81Br, and validates the importance of water origin and variation in mineral composition on solute concentrations and isotope values. Although overprinting and mixing interactions may present challenges in geochemical interpretation, the inter-disciplinary approach used in this research contributes to a greater understanding of how glacial meltwater recharge altered geochemical landscapes during large-scale salt dissolution in the Williston Basin.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".