Investigations on age and breed-associated differences in energy intake,\ngrowth rate, body composition, haematological and biochemical values of\nLabrador Retrievers and Miniature Schnauzers fed different dietary levels of\nvitamin A
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Balanced nutrition ensuring adequate intakes of energy, protein, minerals and\nvitamins is essential for the optimal development of young dogs. An adequate\nenergy supply of growing dogs is critical in controlling the growth rate.\nResearch in rodents indicates that dietary vitamin A impacts energy\nutilisation; the potential impact on the energy metabolism in dogs and\nconsequently on the energy intake, body composition and growth velocity in\ngrowing dogs however remains unclear. The literature survey in Chapter 2\nindicates that the definition of healthy growth is difficult and\ncontroversial. The assessment of ideal body condition of growing dogs is more\ndifficult compared to adult animals because increased energy intake results in\nincreased growth rate, but not necessarily in increased body fat mass.\nGuidance values for energy intake and body weight development do exist,\nhowever considerable variability can be observed between breeds. The overview\nof studies investigating breed and age related changes in haematological and\nblood chemical values during growth clearly shows that prominent changes\noccur. Therefore results obtained from puppies have to be interpreted with\ncare to correctly assess the health status as values may deviate from values\nfound in adult dogs. Chapter 3 explains the main aims and hypotheses of this\nthesis. The main work of the current thesis consists of two published\nmanuscripts summarized in Chapter 4 and 5. In the first manuscript the\npossible effects of different dietary vitamin A concentrations on energy\nintake, growth rate and body composition in Labrador Retriever and Miniature\nSchnauzer puppies have been evaluated. However, based on the well-documented\nhigh tolerance of dogs to dietary vitamin A levels up to 104.8 μmol retinol\n(100 000 IU vitamin)/4184 kJ (1000 kcal) it was hypothesized that energy\nintake and accumulation of body fat would be unaffected (Chapter 4). This was\nconfirmed by the results of our study. Given the findings of Morris et al\n(2012), vitamin A was not considered as a factor in the evaluation of the\nhaematological and biochemical data in the second manuscript (Chapter 5). The\nmain interest of the second manuscript was to increase the knowledge on breed,\nsex and age effects and their interaction during the first year of life. The\nevaluation shows that age and breed-related changes in haematological and\nblood chemical test results are evident in young Labrador Retriever and\nMiniature Schnauzer dogs. The results confirm the need for age-specific\nreference ranges for the interpretation of clinical data obtained from young\npuppies. The potential effects of dietary vitamin A as well as growth related\nalterations in body tissue and metabolism are discussed in Chapter 6 together\nwith the results obtained from this study. In conclusion, the results of the\ncurrent study suggest that unlike to rodents dietary vitamin A does not affect\nenergy utilization, growth rate or body composition in dogs. The underlying\nbiochemical mechanisms however remain unclear and require further\nclarification. With regards to haematological and blood chemical parameters\nthe study showed marked age and breed related changes illustrating growth\nrelated alterations in body tissue and metabolism during the first year of\nlife. The early growth phase clearly appears to be most critical and needs to\nbe investigated in more depth to ease interpretation of clinical data obtained\nfrom young puppies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".