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Record W7001696999

La revisione costituzionale ed il referendum: un rapporto travagliato.

2020· article· it· W7001696999 on OpenAlexaboutno aff

Bibliographic record

VenueElectronic Theses and Dissertations Repository (University of Pisa) · 2020
Typearticle
Languageit
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicPolitical Systems and Governance
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsReferendumContext (archaeology)Work (physics)
DOInot available

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Il referendum costituzionale, è una species del genus referendum. Si articola in diverse tipologie, a seconda della sua natura e funzione. Inoltre, il suo ruolo può variare significativamente da ordinamento a ordinamento, sulla base dei principi prevalenti che quel determinato sistema costituzionale ha abbracciato nel corso del tempo. L’istituto referendario si pone in rapporto dialettico con il procedimento di revisione costituzionale, che influenza e dal quale é influenzato. Infatti, la maggior parte degli ordinamenti democratici moderni prevede una fase (obbligatoria o eventuale) di coinvolgimento diretto del corpo elettorale all’interno del proprio iter di riforma della Carta fondamentale, questo è il caso dell’Italia, ma anche della Spagna e del Giappone. Alcuni Paesi, come il Canada, che non contemplano questi momenti partecipativi all’interno della disciplina formale di emendamento costituzionale, hanno dovuto fare i conti con l’affermarsi, de facto, di questo istituto. Infatti, in molti casi, il referendum è stato il mezzo che ha veicolato le cc.dd. riforme tramite deroga o rottura, cioè modifiche del testo costituzionale compiutesi con procedimenti derogatori della disciplina formale, prevista in Costituzione. Molti dei sistemi giuridici che, invece, non prevedevano alcun referendum costituzionale, hanno provveduto ad introdurlo e, quasi sempre, questo cambiamento ha coinciso con l’insediarsi di una nuova classe politica, come è avvenuto in Venezuela nel 1999. Infatti, la branca del diritto, alla quale è possibile ricondurre l’istituto del referendum, confina con l’aspetto politico della vicenda costituzionale. La profonda crisi che sta investendo i partiti politici, sembrerebbe generalizzata, e la perdita di fiducia, che i cittadini ripongono nei propri rappresentanti, si riflette sulla sfiducia che essi nutrono nelle istituzioni. In questo clima di incertezza, il rapporto fra referendum e revisione costituzionale potrebbe apparire più complicato che mai. Da una parte, i cittadini chiedono a gran voce di essere maggiormente coinvolti nelle vicende costituzionali, che li riguardano così da vicino, e rivendicano la sovranità sulle loro Carte fondamentali. Dall’altra, gli addetti ai lavori, si interrogano sulla funzione che la consultazione referendaria dovrebbe svolgere, in base ai moderni principi democratici. Infine, i politici sembrerebbero sempre più propensi alla strumentalizzazione di questo istituto, che si presta ad ambiguità interpretative. The constitutional referendum is a species of the genus referendum. It is divided into different types, depending on the nature and the function. Furthermore, its role can vary significantly from one legal system to another, based on the prevailing principles that the particular constitutional system has embraced over time. The referendum institution is in a dialectical relationship with the constitutional revision procedure, which it influences and by which it is influenced. In fact, most of the modern democratic systems foresee a phase (mandatory or possible) of direct involvement of the electors within the reform process of the fundamental Charter, as in the case of Italy, but also of Spain and Japan. Some countries, such as Canada, which do not contemplate these participatory moments within the formal discipline of constitutional amendment, have had to deal with the establishment, de facto, of this institution. In fact, in many cases, the referendum was the mean that conveyed the reforms by derogation or rupture. A rupture is an amendment to the constitutional text carried out with procedures derogating from the formal discipline of the Constitution. On the other hand, many of the legal systems that did not provide for any constitutional referendum, proceeded to introduce it and, almost always, this change coincided with the establishment of a new political class, as happened in Venezuela in 1999. In fact, the branch of law, to which the referendum can be traced back, borders on the political aspect of the constitutional affair. The profound crisis that is affecting political parties seems to be generalized, and the loss of trust that citizens place in their representatives is reflected in the distrust they have in institutions. In this climate of uncertainty, the relationship between referendum and constitutional revision may appear more complicated than ever. Citizens are clamoring to be more involved in the constitutional affairs, which concern them so closely, and claim sovereignty over their fundamental charters. On the other hand, jurists wonder about the function that the referendum should play, based on modern democratic principles. Finally, politicians would seem increasingly inclined to exploit this institution, which lends itself to interpretative ambiguities.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.007
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.016
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.069
Threshold uncertainty score0.161

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0070.016
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.001
Bibliometrics0.0040.005
Science and technology studies0.0060.017
Scholarly communication0.0150.013
Open science0.0020.005
Research integrity0.0040.007
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0090.002

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.014
GPT teacher head0.232
Teacher spread0.218 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designNot applicable
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

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Citations0
Published2020
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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