Parallel Import and Price Regulation in the Pharmaceutical Market: The Israeli Experience
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The soaring cost of pharmaceuticals in the United States has become a source of concern for patients, health care providers, and policymakers.Consequently, several attempts have been made in recent years to reduce drug prices by opening up the pharmaceutical market to parallel imports of drugs from Canada and other countries.Similar concerns in Israel led the Israeli legislature to enact reforms in the early 2000s authorizing the parallel importation of medications.The prevailing assumption at the time was that allowing parallel imports would lead to a significant drop in drug prices and a decrease in healthcare costs in Israel.This Article presents an empirical study of Israel's experience, examining the effects of these regulatory reforms and the practical impediments to invoking the parallel importation mechanisms they established.Combining quantitative methods, interviews, and a comparative law study, this Article makes several important contributions concerning the interaction of parallel imports and price regulation of drugs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.021 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".