The Role of Chicken Gamma Delta T Cells in Immunity Against Marek’s Disease Virus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Gamma delta (γδ) T cells play key biological functions in immunity against pathogens and tumors in many species. γδ T cells recognize various antigens via their T cell receptor (TCR), natural killer (NK) receptors, and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). These cells produce cytokines and release cytotoxic granules in mammals whereas the activation mechanisms of chicken γδ T cells have not been elucidated. In chickens, the involvement of γδ T cells in immunity against Marek’s disease virus (MDV) infection has been suggested. Marek’s disease (MD) is a malignant lymphomatous disease of chickens caused by MDV. Due to its highly cell-associated feature, cell-mediated immunity is believed to be critical for protection against MDV replication, dissemination, and tumor formation. Although an increase in interferon (IFN)-γ- or interleukin (IL)-10-expressing γδ T cells in MDV-challenged chickens has been observed, detailed functions of these cells in MDV immunity or pathogenesis have remained underexplored. Therefore, the aims of the studies presented in this thesis were to examine activation mechanisms of γδ T cells and their functional roles in immunity against MDV. Our studies revealed that Cytosine-phosphate-Guanine-Oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) 2007 induced IFN-γ secretion by TCR-stimulated γδ T cells. Further, the results of splenocyte or sorted γδ T cell culture in presence of Polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) suggested that IFN-γ production by poly(I:C)-stimulated γδ T cells requires other signals from non-γδ T cells. Subsequently, γδ T cells were characterized in MDV-vaccinated and -challenged chickens. The involvement of γδ T cells producing IFN-γ and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β in immunity conferred by MDV vaccines was suggested. Further, the role of IFN-γ-producing γδ T cells in immunity against MDV infection was evaluated and these cells were shown to contribute to immunity against MD. Lastly, the effect of the tumor microenvironment (TME) on γδ T cells was investigated. The results suggested that activated γδ T cells including IFN-γ-producing splenic γδ T cells are suppressed in the TME generated by MDV. Overall, the studies in this thesis demonstrate activation mechanisms of chicken γδ T cells and their involvement in protective immunity against MDV.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".